Perceptual Accentuation
Perceptual Accentuation leads you to see what you want to see.
Leads you to perceive what you need or want is really there and to fail to perceive what you don’t want to perceive.
Leads you to perceive and remember positive qualities more than negative ones and thus can distort your perception on others.
For example, by showing a RM50 note to a poor kid, the kid see a lot of money and means a lot to him. But if showing the same note to a rich kid who has more of those notes, he will see it as a mere of something insignificant compare to a new game console.
Primacy-Recency
Primacy and recently effect is the tendency to use earlier information to get a general idea about a person and to use later information to make this impression more specific. When later information is discrepant with earlier information, people tend to regard the first information as revealing the REAL person and to explain away later information as not typical.
People pay more attention to information that is presented when they are first trying to form an impression about someone.
Provided six adjectives to describe a person:
intelligent, industrious, impulsive, critical, stubborn, envious
Others given these six same words in reverse order:
They were asked to fill in a rating sheet to evaluate the person after they heard those six words: on how happy, how sociable, etc. –
The first group gave higher ratings: the primacy effect. The later evidence is interpreted in the light of first impressions
A negative first impression is more resistant to change than a positive one.
Consistency
To maintain balance among perceptions or attitudes is called as consistency.
1. You expect a person to like you.
2. You expect a person to you disliked to dislike you.
3. You expect a friend to like a friend.
4. You expect a friend to dislike your enemy.
5. You expect your enemy to dislike your friend.
6. You expect your enemy to like the other enemy.
Most people have such attitude because it is the way to happen. Unless specific circumstances happen, only will they change their perceptions.
Friday, February 27, 2009
Perceptual Processes
Implicit Personality Theory
Each person has a subconscious or implicit system of rules that says which characteristics of an individual go with other characteristics.
The halo effect is a function of the implicit personality theory; if you believe a person has some positive qualities, you are likely to infer that she or he also processes other positive qualities.
The reverse-halo effect, if you know a person possesses several negative qualities, you are more likely to infers that the person also has other negative qualities.
Self Fulfilling Prophecy
Occurs when you make a prediction that comes true because you act on it as if it were true. Four steps to create a self fulfilling prophecy.
1. Create a prophecy about a person or a situation.
2. Act toward that person or situation as if that prediction or belief were true.
3. Because the act is true, the prediction became true.
4. Observe the effect on the person or a situation, and what is the evidence will strengthens the prophecy as true.
Each person has a subconscious or implicit system of rules that says which characteristics of an individual go with other characteristics.
The halo effect is a function of the implicit personality theory; if you believe a person has some positive qualities, you are likely to infer that she or he also processes other positive qualities.
The reverse-halo effect, if you know a person possesses several negative qualities, you are more likely to infers that the person also has other negative qualities.
Self Fulfilling Prophecy
Occurs when you make a prediction that comes true because you act on it as if it were true. Four steps to create a self fulfilling prophecy.
1. Create a prophecy about a person or a situation.
2. Act toward that person or situation as if that prediction or belief were true.
3. Because the act is true, the prediction became true.
4. Observe the effect on the person or a situation, and what is the evidence will strengthens the prophecy as true.
EXP: Boss explained to me about a task and saying that i will find it difficult in doing it.
I might have done a better job on it if my boss had not told me that it is difficult.
2 types of self fulfilling prophecy
SELF IMPOSED PROPHECIES
our own expectations that influence our behaviour.
exp: you woke up and said "it will be a bad day". You would most likely acted in a ways that made it come true
ONE PERSON EXPECTATIONS GOVERN ANOTHER'S ACTION
exp: A teacher told his student "You are clever". The student will accepts that evaluation and change his concept.
Influence of self-fulfilling prophecies
Business
-If we told the workers that they can do up to 500 cardboard a day. After they achieve the target, they will stop working and started to complain about it. However, if we did not told them about it, they will be able to do more.
Family
-Parent tell a child long enought that she could not do thing right. The child will incorporate this idea and fail at most of the time.
-If you told them that they are kind, lovely, there is a much greater chance of his behaving accordingly.
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