Perceptual Processes

Implicit Personality Theory

Each person has a subconscious or implicit system of rules that says which characteristics of an individual go with other characteristics.
The halo effect is a function of the implicit personality theory; if you believe a person has some positive qualities, you are likely to infer that she or he also processes other positive qualities.
The reverse-halo effect, if you know a person possesses several negative qualities, you are more likely to infers that the person also has other negative qualities.

Self Fulfilling Prophecy

Occurs when you make a prediction that comes true because you act on it as if it were true. Four steps to create a self fulfilling prophecy.
1. Create a prophecy about a person or a situation.
2. Act toward that person or situation as if that prediction or belief were true.
3. Because the act is true, the prediction became true.
4. Observe the effect on the person or a situation, and what is the evidence will strengthens the prophecy as true.

EXP: Boss explained to me about a task and saying that i will find it difficult in doing it.

I might have done a better job on it if my boss had not told me that it is difficult.

2 types of self fulfilling prophecy

SELF IMPOSED PROPHECIES

our own expectations that influence our behaviour.

exp: you woke up and said "it will be a bad day". You would most likely acted in a ways that made it come true

ONE PERSON EXPECTATIONS GOVERN ANOTHER'S ACTION

exp: A teacher told his student "You are clever". The student will accepts that evaluation and change his concept.

Influence of self-fulfilling prophecies

Business

-If we told the workers that they can do up to 500 cardboard a day. After they achieve the target, they will stop working and started to complain about it. However, if we did not told them about it, they will be able to do more.

Family

-Parent tell a child long enought that she could not do thing right. The child will incorporate this idea and fail at most of the time.

-If you told them that they are kind, lovely, there is a much greater chance of his behaving accordingly.